Loss or damage to the ICCs appears to be a dominant abnormality [3, 6, 11], where altered immune function with a shift from M2 to M1 macrophage expression and impaired regulation of haem oxygenase 1 leading to increased oxidative stress may be responsible [6, 11]
These proteins, acting as cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitors, lead to the arrest of the G1 phase, and activation of the senescence pathway [90]
Buffers like citrate, phosphate, and acetate are used to adjust pH and optimize stability
16-21 However, other studies have found no significant therapeutic effect of vitamin C intake, suggesting that further research is needed to better understand this relationship
Certificate of analysis (COA)
Hypertension (2020) 75(4):9911001