The additional pathway would be the direct modulatory effects microbes and metabolites have on the BBB itself, influencing the integrity of the brains primary defense mechanism and therefore impacting brain health
201 A meta-analysis that reported findings from 23 randomized controlled trials involving 842 participants with stage 35 CKD indicated that probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotic supplements improved creatinine and BUN levels, heightened markers of oxidative stress, reduced some markers of inflammation, and decreased uremic toxin levels
Karacabeyli D, Allender S, Pinkney S, et al
Methyl B12 promotes methylation, which is a form of detoxification in the body
A researcher who misreads a 250 mcg dose as 250 mg is off by a factor of 1,000
However, the concept of microdosing extends beyond these realms and into hormone therapy, particularly with testosterone