A deficiency in these vitamins can lead to various disorders such as fatigue, nervous system disturbances, and many other diseases
European Journal of Endocrinology/European Federation of Endocrine Societies, 168 (5), 10.1530/EJE-12-1037
Using products that maintain defined ingredient ratios and undergo quality testing may help reduce variables that could influence experimental outcomes
For example, B12 uptake by the gut commensal Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron was shown in vitro to limit the production of Shiga toxin-2 produced by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 (EHEC) [12]
For maintenance dosing, it becomes impractical
Its theoretical mechanisms and observed effects in animal studies have led to interest in applications for companion animals, though veterinary use remains investigational