Furthermore, MC4R-deficient mice develop severe obesity accompanied by markedly elevated plasma leptin concentrations and leptin resistance, failing to respond to leptins anorectic and cardiovascular effects [58, 59]
These exerkines act through autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine mechanisms to mediate inter-organ communication, playing essential roles in regulating nervous system function, attenuating neuroinflammation, and promoting neural repair ( 2+ , lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), MDA, and lipid ROS, inhibited neuronal ferroptosis and lipid peroxidation, thereby ameliorating oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R)-induced neuronal injury
The absence of independent replication reduces confidence in the existing findings
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Neural Regen Res 17(8):1640
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