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ERRs are expressed in many tissues beyond metabolically active organs, including reproductive tissues, bone, and the brain, and systemic ERR modulation could have effects on these tissues that are not fully characterized
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Each peptide should be reconstituted and handled separately for valid research
In some animal and clinical trials, GLP-1 analogs (Exendin-4, Liraglutide) have been shown to have neuroprotective effects on PD and AD ( .Given the correlation between PD and glucose metabolism disorders and energy conversion disorders, researchers have increasingly focused on the neuroprotective effects of GLP-1.GLP-1 receptor agonists provide neuroprotection through multiple pathways, including improving insulin sensitivity, reducing oxidative stress, and enhancing mitochondrial function, as shown in Figure 2
Likewise, the mRNA of inflammatory mediators (iNOS, IL-6, IFN and TNF-) are inhibited, with increased expression of HSP 70 and 90, and antioxidant proteins, such as HO-1, NQO-1, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase 2 and GST-pi [19]
