4-Hydroxyestrones are highly reactive and form 3,4 Quinones that can form unstable DNA adducts, resulting in the creation of carcinogenic mutations
Notably, later work demonstrated that Mc3r / Mc4r double knockout mice develop a more severe obese phenotype than Mc4r knockout animals alone, indicating that the two receptors exert non-redundant effects on energy homeostasis (20)
If these pathways are lacking the required vitamins and minerals, dangerous homocysteine levels and potential ill health can result
However, TRT alone does not address the concurrent decline in growth hormone or the tissue-repair demands of active patients
This maintains tissue saturation while reducing overall peptide use
Holick MF (2017) The vitamin D deficiency pandemic: Approaches for diagnosis, treatment and prevention