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Ethics declarations Ethics approval All procedures involving animals were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of the Academy of Military Medical Sciences, with the approval number IACUC-DWZX-2024-P689
Signs of cobalamin deficiency in dogs A dog with cobalamin deficiency may have one or more of the following symptoms: Lethargy Loss of appetite Change in eating habits Dull coat Loss of muscle mass Weight loss Weakness Diarrhea Loss of interest in playing Failure to thrive Mental dullness Seizures Cobalamin deficiency in dogs primarily occurs when there is a problem with cobalamin absorption
nothing here is intended for human or veterinary use
Areas with significant skin folds, scars, or recent sunburn should be avoided
Niacinamide Improves skin texture and strengthens the barrier
Stress-induced premature senescence
