paraxanthine increases glutathione catalase Concerted action of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, Paraxanthine enhances memory and neuroplasticity

Avoid areas with scar tissue, moles, or skin irritation

NAC (N-acetylcysteine) as a precursor NAC is not glutathione itself

In vivo studies revealed a 16.8-fold increase in plasma half-life (t) and a 16.1-fold increase in oral bioavailability compared to native GSH

Notably, the present narrative review is an extension of a previous review article that covered polyphenols and/or phytoestrogens that included daidzein, equol, genistein, and resveratrol as supplemental therapies for skin aging, which was published in Dermatology and Therapy earlier this year by Lephart (2025) [9]

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Mol Med Rep 10(5):22232233 Yonutas HM, Sullivan PG (2013) Targeting PPAR isoforms following CNS injury