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Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Emily Gilbert and Sabrina Voci for providing editorial assistance and ensuring the accuracy of the manuscript

Frontiers in Pharmacology, 11 , doi: 10.3389/fphar.2020.618184

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Our experimental findings share similarities with previous multiple case reports describing the presence of lipid-laden macrophages in pulmonary fluid from people with e-cigarette-associated pneumonia. E-cigarettes currently are the most commonly consumed tobacco substitute in the adolescent population

TLR2 surface marker expression is reduced in AMs from smokers and levels of mRNA and protein expression did not increase in response to LPS stimulation compared with that in non-smokers,31 suggesting that continuous exposure to LPS present in CS may down-modulate antimicrobial response.53 TLR4 surface markers also recognise LPS from gram-negative bacteria

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