Nicotine stimulates differentiation and specialization of cells in kidneys, the proliferation of mesangial cells, and fibronectin production, mediated through PKC activation, ERK1/2 phosphorylation, and NADPH oxidase and ROS generation [252, 292,293,294]
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Considering cases like these, we can see that VELO offers a potentially valuable alternative for adult smokers seeking to reduce the harm associated with their nicotine use or as a step towards complete cessation