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Gruber and Koszegi, (2001) and Gruber and Mullainathan (2002) argue that excise taxes are a smoker self control device designed to lessen individual harm, primarily in the form of shortened lifespan

The device only works if the safety checks pass

Since cigarettes per day became a measure of dependence, a combination of public health and clinical interventions have changed smoking habits in developed countries, making it a less robust indicator

A packet of cigarettes is so much cheaper

By offering empathy, education, and encouragement, you can empower individuals to take the necessary steps towards a smoke-free life