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145, 146 PGE 2 is increased in the airways of smokers and COPD patients in whom it exerts not only beneficial effects, through bronchodilatation and immunosuppression, but also negative effects by enhancing mucus secretion

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Risk of infectious complications in patients taking glucocorticoids

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Another method is through culturing the bacteria from a sample taken from the small intestine, but to do this a long tube has to be inserted into the patient to retrieve a sample