Adjustments generally resulted in modest reduction of HR point estimates
Common pharmacological options include: Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT): Products like patches, gum, lozenges, and nasal sprays deliver controlled doses of nicotine, easing withdrawal symptoms while avoiding harmful tobacco chemicals
Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2014
Here are a few solid, longstanding references if you want to dig deeper: Smoking and GERD (Healthline) Smoking and GERD: Effects and Link (Medical News Today) Does Tobacco Increase Stomach Acid
The longer people use tobacco and the amount they use increases that risk
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