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In late 2020, Xining, a provincial capital in western China, succeeded in passing a comprehensive smoke-free law

Conclusions Besides various additives and the well known toxic and carcinogenic compounds in tobacco products, CMSS-associated PM constitutes an independent health hazard

Heating coils in e-cigarettes have been found to release chromium, lead and nickel, Rezk-Hanna said

Scoring and estimation of measures : To facilitate appropriate use of the ABOUT-Dependence measure, a calibrated scoring scheme was developed to enable conversion of unweighted sum scores into linear measures based on weighted likelihood estimation (WLE) 58 , and the calibration was done with the unrestricted Rasch model for polytomous responses 59,60

International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity