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This imbalance creates microenvironments where the pH drops low enough to denature proteins and disrupt cellular membranes, leading to the formation of small erosions that can progress to full ulcers

However, with the reduction in harmful chemicals, IQOS is a better choice than continued smoking for an adult smoker who would otherwise continue to smoke or use other nicotine products.

Nicotine and caffeine can be consumed simultaneously, but it is important to recognize that both substances share similar effects

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Yes, smoking is considered a leading preventable cause of death due to its strong link with multiple chronic diseases

IARC Handb Cancer Prev 2019;17:1-300